Additionally, their structure allows various modifications, such as metalation or substitution of the porphyrin ring, to improve their photophysical properties or to construct biohybrid materials. Most of photosensitizers accepted for clinical use come from this group. Among them, porphyrinoids have been in use the longest, are the most studied, and are the most widely known. No matter which type of photoreaction occurs, the emerging reactive species are able to damage the targeted cells.Ĭommon photosensitizers originate usually from the following classes of molecules: different forms of porphyrins, including benzoporphyrins, hexaphyrins, and sapphyrins porphyrin precursors-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) chlorins bacteriochlorins phthalocyanines naphtalocyanines corroles indocyanine dyes BODIPY dyes Ru (II) complexes Ir(III) complexes Au (III) complexes metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) polymers carbon-based nanomaterials silicon-based nanomaterials pure metals transition metal carbides (TMCs) TiO 2 mono- and bimetal oxides and bimetal sulfides. Both processes can occur simultaneously and the ratio between them depends on the type of photosensitizer and the physico-chemical conditions in the place of action, mostly the concentration of oxygen. In the less common process, known as type I photoreaction, the photosensitizer in the T 1 state reacts with a molecule present nearby (e.g., from the cell membrane) and converts it into a highly reactive species (e.g., NO, O 2 −, ROO, or RO). In the typical scenario, known also as type II photoreaction, the photosensitizer transfers its energy to the O 2 molecule yielding singlet oxygen 1O 2. T 1 is then deactivated to S 0 following one of two processes. The photosensitizer is excited from its ground state (usually the singlet state S 0) to the excited state (usually the first excited singlet state S 1), which then undergoes intersystem crossing (and a series of de-excitations), generating an excited triplet state (T 1). It consists of the irradiation of infected/malignant cells in the presence of a light-absorbing compound (called photosensitizer). The mechanism of the PDT is schematically displayed in Scheme 1. 2020 39(12):3779-3785.Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a possible treatment for various diseases, such as different kinds of cancer bacterial, fungal, and viral infections (including Covid-19) cutaneous manifestations dental caries and rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized controlled trial comparing oral and intravenous iron supplementation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Schijns W, Boerboom A, de Bruyn Kops M, et al. Iron-containing cookware for the reduction of iron deficiency anemia among children and females of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. The efficacy and safety of vitamin c for iron supplementation in adult patients with iron deficiency anemia: a randomized clinical trial. WHO guideline on use of ferritin concentrations to assess iron status in individuals and populations. The incidence of iron deficiency anemia post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a systematic review. Iron fact sheet for health professionals.Įnani G, Bilgic E, Lebedeva E, Delisle M, Vergis A, Hardy K. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Iron supplementation in early childhood: health benefits and risks. Iannotti LL, Tielsch JM, Black MM, Black RE. Randomised study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls. doi:10.2147/NDT.S72491īruner AB, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Casella JF, Brandt J. Iron supplementation for restless legs syndrome – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iron supplementation benefits physical performance in women of reproductive age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pasricha SR, Low M, Thompson J, Farrell A, De-Regil LM. Effect of iron supplementation on fatigue in nonanemic menstruating women with low ferritin: a randomized controlled trial. Vaucher P, Druais PL, Waldvogel S, Favrat B. Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women. Low MS, Speedy J, Styles CE, De-Regil LM, Pasricha SR. The risk of fibromyalgia in patients with iron deficiency anemia: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in the 21st century.
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